Fyodor Dostoyevski

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13 Jan 2024

Fyodor Dostoyevsky (1821–1881) was a Russian novelist, philosopher, and essayist, considered one of the greatest literary figures in Russian literature and world literature as a whole. He experienced a tumultuous life marked by personal and financial struggles, which greatly influenced his writing.

Key points about Dostoyevsky's life:

Early Life: Dostoyevsky was born on November 11, 1821, in Moscow, Russia, into a middle-class family. His father was a doctor, and his mother died when he was young.
Education: He studied engineering and military science at the Military Engineering Institute in St. Petersburg but soon became interested in literature and writing.
Arrest and Exile: In 1849, Dostoyevsky was arrested for his involvement with a group of intellectuals discussing utopian socialism. He was sentenced to death but received a last-minute reprieve and was instead sent to a Siberian labor camp for several years.
Return and Financial Struggles: After his release, Dostoyevsky returned to St. Petersburg and faced significant financial difficulties. He began writing to support himself.
Literary Career: Dostoyevsky's works explore complex psychological and philosophical themes. He is known for his deep insights into the human psyche, existentialism, and the inner struggles of his characters.

Some of Dostoyevsky's most famous novels include:

Crime and Punishment (1866): This novel explores the psychological and moral dilemmas of its main character, Rodion Raskolnikov, who contemplates committing murder for a perceived greater good.

Here are some key points about the "Crime and Punishment" :

Plot Summary:
- The story is set in St. Petersburg and follows the life of Rodion Raskolnikov, a young and impoverished former student.
- Raskolnikov formulates a theory that certain individuals possess the right to commit crimes for the greater good of society. He believes in the idea of a "superman" who is above conventional morality.
- To test his theory, Raskolnikov plans and commits the murder of Alyona Ivanovna, a pawnbroker. However, the act has profound psychological consequences for him.
Character Development:
- Raskolnikov is a complex character, tormented by his own thoughts and internal conflicts. The novel delves deeply into his psyche and moral struggles.
- Sonia Marmeladov, a young woman forced into prostitution to support her family, becomes a key character. Her interactions with Raskolnikov have a significant impact on the story.
Detective Plot:
- While the novel is not a traditional detective story, it incorporates elements of the genre. The investigator Porfiry Petrovich is determined to solve the murder case, and his interactions with Raskolnikov add tension to the narrative.
Guilt and Redemption:
- The novel explores themes of guilt and redemption. Raskolnikov's mental and emotional turmoil intensifies as he grapples with the consequences of his actions.
- The character's journey involves a spiritual and moral transformation, with the possibility of redemption through suffering and repentance.
Social Critique:
- Dostoyevsky uses the novel to critique contemporary social and political ideologies, particularly the emerging nihilistic and utilitarian philosophies in Russia during the 19th century.
- The characters in the story represent various social classes and ideologies, contributing to a broader exploration of societal issues.
Symbolism and Religious Themes:
- The novel incorporates symbolism and religious themes. The character of Sonia, who holds strong religious beliefs, serves as a symbol of faith and compassion.
- The epilogue of the novel, where Raskolnikov begins his path to redemption in a Siberian prison, reflects themes of suffering and salvation.

"Crime and Punishment" is celebrated for its psychological depth, intricate characterizations, and exploration of moral and philosophical themes. It remains a classic in world literature, studied for its profound insights into the human condition.

The Idiot (1869): The story revolves around Prince Myshkin, a character considered "an idiot" due to his innocence and naivety. The novel explores the complexities of human nature and societal norms.

Here are some key points about ''The Idiot'' :

Prince Lev Nikolayevich Myshkin:
- The central character of the novel is Prince Myshkin, a young man who returns to Russia after spending several years in a Swiss sanatorium. He is kind-hearted, innocent, and considered an "idiot" due to his unusual behavior and lack of social awareness.
Exploration of Innocence and Naivety:
- Myshkin's innocence and naivety are central to the novel's exploration of human nature. His character serves as a contrast to the morally and emotionally complex characters around him.
Love Triangle:
- The novel revolves around a love triangle involving Prince Myshkin, Aglaya Yepanchin, and Nastassya Filippovna. Aglaya and Nastassya represent different aspects of the human psyche, and their relationships with Myshkin are marked by passion, jealousy, and tragedy.
Social Critique:
- Similar to Dostoyevsky's other works, "The Idiot" contains social critique. It examines the hypocrisy and moral decay of Russian society, portraying the characters as products of their environment.
Themes of Faith and Redemption:
- The novel explores themes of faith, redemption, and the search for higher meaning in life. Myshkin's Christian values and his attempts to bring about goodness in others are central to the narrative.
Conflict and Tragedy:
- The novel is marked by various conflicts and tensions, both within the characters and in their interactions with society. The plot unfolds through a series of misunderstandings, betrayals, and tragic events.
Complex Characters:
- Dostoyevsky creates a gallery of complex characters, each with their own psychological and moral struggles. Characters like Rogozhin, Aglaya, and Nastassya Filippovna contribute to the novel's depth and complexity.
The Theme of Death:
- Death is a recurring theme in "The Idiot." The novel opens with Prince Myshkin arriving in Russia by train, where he encounters a man who predicts a death that will occur in the story. The theme of death is intertwined with the characters' fates and choices.

"The Idiot" is known for its exploration of the human psyche, moral dilemmas, and the clash between innocence and the harsh realities of the world. It is a complex and thought-provoking work that continues to be studied for its rich characterization and thematic depth.

The Devils (also known as The Demons or The Devils) (1872): This novel examines political and social ideologies, featuring a group of radicals and their destructive actions.

Here are some key points about ''The Devils'' :

Plot Summary:
- The novel is set in a provincial Russian town and revolves around a group of radicals and revolutionaries who seek to overthrow the existing social and political order.
- The group, led by the charismatic and nihilistic Nikolai Stavrogin, is composed of individuals with diverse motives and ideologies.
Characters:
- Nikolai Stavrogin is a central figure, an enigmatic and controversial character who embodies the novel's themes of nihilism and moral decay.
- Other key characters include Stepan Trofimovich Verkhovensky, a former liberal who becomes involved with the radicals, and his son, Pyotr Verkhovensky, who is instrumental in organizing the revolutionary activities.
Nihilism and Radicalism:
- "The Devils" explores the rise of nihilism and radical ideologies in 19th-century Russia. The characters' beliefs are characterized by a rejection of traditional values, authority, and morality.
Satire and Critique:
- Dostoyevsky uses satire to critique various political and philosophical movements of the time, including socialism, atheism, and radicalism. The novel satirizes the destructive consequences of these ideologies on society.
Political and Social Commentary:
- The novel provides a sharp critique of both the revolutionary fervor and the complacency of the established order. Dostoyevsky delves into the consequences of radical ideas on individuals and society at large.
Psychological Depth:
- Similar to Dostoyevsky's other works, "The Devils" explores the psychological depths of its characters. Their inner struggles, desires, and conflicts contribute to the novel's complexity.
Tragedy and Violence:
- The narrative unfolds with a sense of impending tragedy, and the novel culminates in a violent and chaotic event that reflects the destructive nature of the characters' ideologies.
Religious Themes:
- Dostoyevsky incorporates religious themes into the novel, addressing questions of faith, morality, and the consequences of a society detached from religious values.
Narrative Style:
- The novel employs multiple perspectives and voices, presenting a mosaic of viewpoints that contribute to the exploration of the characters and themes.

"The Devils" is a powerful and provocative work that offers a critique of the ideological currents of its time. It remains relevant for its exploration of the consequences of radicalism and the clash between traditional values and revolutionary fervor.

The Brothers Karamazov (1880): Often considered Dostoyevsky's masterpiece, this novel delves into themes of faith, morality, and the nature of God through the relationships of three brothers—Dmitri, Ivan, and Alexei.

Here are some key points about ''The Brothers Karamazov'' :

Family Dynamics:
- The novel centers around the Karamazov family: Fyodor Pavlovich, a dissolute and lecherous father; Dmitri, the passionate and impulsive eldest son; Ivan, the intellectual and skeptical middle son; and Alexei (Alyosha), the pious and compassionate youngest son.
Patricide and Themes of Guilt:
- The plot involves the mysterious murder of Fyodor Pavlovich, and much of the novel revolves around the question of who committed patricide. Themes of guilt, morality, and redemption are central to the narrative.
Dmitri's Love Triangle:
- Dmitri Karamazov is caught in a complex love triangle with Grushenka, a woman he loves passionately, and Katerina Ivanovna, who is romantically involved with him. This romantic entanglement adds layers of tension to the story.
Ivan's Philosophical Discourse:
- Ivan Karamazov, a philosophical and intellectual character, engages in extensive debates and discussions throughout the novel. His famous "The Grand Inquisitor" chapter presents a critique of organized religion and explores the concept of free will.
Alyosha's Spiritual Journey:
- Alyosha, the youngest Karamazov, is a novice monk who represents a more spiritual and compassionate perspective. His journey involves grappling with faith, doubt, and the challenges posed by the people around him.
The Trial and Legal Drama:
- A significant portion of the novel involves Dmitri's trial for the murder of his father. The trial serves as a dramatic backdrop for exploring the complexities of human nature and the moral dilemmas faced by the characters.
Religious Themes:
- "The Brothers Karamazov" delves deeply into religious themes, addressing the existence of God, the nature of faith, and the moral consequences of a world without a divine moral order.
Social Commentary:
- Dostoyevsky provides a critical examination of Russian society, exploring issues such as moral decay, social injustice, and the impact of intellectual and philosophical movements on the culture of the time.
Narrative Style:
- The novel employs a complex narrative structure with multiple perspectives and voices. Each brother's perspective contributes to the richness and depth of the narrative.

"The Brothers Karamazov" is considered a masterpiece of literature and is celebrated for its exploration of profound philosophical and psychological themes. It remains a classic that continues to captivate readers with its intricate characters and thought-provoking ideas.

Notes from Underground (1864): A novella considered a precursor to existentialist literature, it features an unnamed narrator's rambling, introspective monologue on various topics.

Here are some key points about the book:

Narrative Structure:
- The novella is presented as the disjointed and rambling memoirs of an unnamed narrator, often referred to as the Underground Man. The narrative is divided into two parts: the first being a philosophical monologue and the second recounting events from the Underground Man's past.
Alienation and Isolation:
- The Underground Man is a deeply alienated and isolated individual who rejects societal norms and conventions. He lives in a self-imposed isolation, both physically and emotionally.
Critique of Rationalism:
- Dostoyevsky uses the Underground Man to criticize the emerging rationalistic and deterministic philosophies of the time, particularly those influenced by Western European thought. The Underground Man rejects the idea that individuals are driven solely by rational self-interest.
Spontaneity vs. Rationality:
- The novella explores the tension between the Underground Man's desire for spontaneous, irrational actions and the deterministic, rational worldview that he finds constraining and dehumanizing.
Philosophical Reflections:
- The first part of the novella is characterized by the Underground Man's philosophical musings on free will, consciousness, and the nature of human existence. His thoughts often express a deep-seated nihilism.
Social Critique:
- The Underground Man presents a scathing critique of contemporary society, condemning its obsession with reason, progress, and materialism. He suggests that the pursuit of rational self-interest can lead to an oppressive and dehumanizing existence.
Failed Social Interactions:
- The second part of the novella recounts the Underground Man's attempts at social interaction, all of which end in failure. His encounters with others highlight his social awkwardness, bitterness, and inability to connect with fellow human beings.
Desire for Spite:
- The Underground Man expresses a desire for "spiteful" actions – acts of defiance or rebellion against societal expectations. However, these actions often backfire, reinforcing his sense of isolation and inadequacy.
Existential Themes:
- "Notes from Underground" is considered a precursor to existentialist literature. It explores themes of individual freedom, existential angst, and the struggle to find meaning in a seemingly indifferent world.
Character's Unreliability:
- The Underground Man's narrative is characterized by its unreliability. His contradictory statements, shifting perspectives, and emotional volatility contribute to the sense of psychological complexity in the novella.

"Notes from Underground" is a work of deep psychological insight, exploring the complexities of the human psyche and offering a profound critique of societal norms and values. It remains a significant and influential piece in the development of existentialist literature.

Dostoyevsky's works continue to be widely read and studied for their profound exploration of the human condition. His writing style and themes have had a lasting impact on literature and philosophy.

Thanks for reading, I hope you all like it !

References;

Notes;

^ His name has been variously transcribed into English, his first name sometimes being rendered as Theodore or Fedor.
^ Before the postrevolutionary orthographic reform which, among other things, replaced the Cyrillic letter Ѳ with Ф, Dostoevsky's name was written Ѳедоръ Михайловичъ Достоевскій.
^ In Old Style dates: 30 October 1821 – 28 January 1881
^ Time magazine was a popular periodical with more than 4,000 subscribers before it was closed on 24 May 1863 by the Tsarist Regime after publishing an essay by Nikolay Strakhov about the Polish revolt in Russia. Vremya and its 1864 successor Epokha expressed the philosophy of the conservative and Slavophile movement Pochvennichestvo, supported by Dostoevsky during his term of imprisonment and in the following years.[65]
^ Another reason for his abstinence might have been the closure of casinos in Germany in 1872 and 1873 (it was not until the rise of Adolf Hitler that they were reopened)[86] or his entering a synagogue that he confused with a gambling hall. According to biographer Joseph Frank, Dostoevsky took that as a sign not to gamble any more.[87]
^ The haemorrhage could also have been triggered by heated disputes with his sister Vera about his aunt Aleksandra Kumanina's estate, which was settled on 30 March and discussed in the St Petersburg City Court on 24 July 1879.[110][111] Anna later acquired a part of his estate consisting of around 185 desiatina (around 500 acres or 202 ha) of forest and 92 desiatina of farmland.

Citations;

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^ Jump up to:
a b The 1872 novel ″Demons″, Russian: Бесы, Bésy, by Fyodor Dostoevsky is sometimes also titled The Possessed or The Devils
^ Terras 1998, pp. 3–4.
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^ "3.3. Книги об отдельных писателях". Forbidden Books of Russian Writers and Literary Scientists, 1917–1991. Archived from the original on 20 February 2018. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
^ Bloshteyn (2007), pp. 7–8.
^ Lenin read Dostoevsky in a more-nuanced way than others, describing Demons (1871–72) as "repulsive but great". See Waite, Geoff; Cernia Slovin, Francesca (2016). "Nietzsche with Dostoevsky: Unrequited Collaborators in Crime without Punishment". In Jeff Love; Jeffrey Metzger (eds.). Nietzsche and Dostoevsky: Philosophy, Morality, Tragedy. Chicago: Northwestern University Press. ISBN 9780810133969. For a summary of the Soviet reception of Dostoevsky, see Shlapentokh, Vladimir (1990). Soviet Intellectuals and Political Power: The Post-Stalin Era (1st ed.). Princeton Univ. Press. p. 94. ISBN 9780691094595.
^ Vladimir Bushin. Враньё от юного папуаса [Fids from a young Papuan]. Pravda (in Russian). Archived from the original on 29 October 2013.
^ Kjetsaa (1989), pp. 69–103.
^ Halliwell, Martin (2006). Transatlantic Modernism: Moral Dilemmas in Modernist Fiction. Edinburgh University Press. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-7486-2393-8.
^ Eysteinsson, Ástráður (1990). The Concept of Modernism. Cornell University Press. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-8014-8077-5.
^ "Greatest Russian Novels of All Time". Goodreads. Retrieved 21 July 2020.
^ Arntfield, Michael (2017). Murder in Plain English. New York City: Prometheus. p. 42. ISBN 9781633882546.
^ Kjetsaa (1989), p. 183.
^ Frank (1997), p. 45, 60–182.
^ Cregan-Reid, Vybarr; Bauer, Pat. "Crime and Punishment". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 21 July 2020.
^ Dostoevsky letter quoted in Peace, Richard (1971). Dostoyevsky: An Examination of the Major Novels. Cambridge University Press. pp. 59–63. ISBN 0-521-07911-X.
^ Frank (2010), p. 577.
^ Oates, Joyce Carol (January 1978). "The tragic vision of The Possesed". The Georgia Review. 32 (4 - Winter 1978): 868. See also in Celestial Timepiece Blog.
^ Hingley (1978), pp. 158–9.
^ Rollberg, Peter (2014). "Mastermind, Terrorist, Enigma: Dostoevsky's Nikolai Stavrogin". Perspectives on Political Science. 43 (3): 143–52. doi:10.1080/10457097.2014.917244. S2CID 145671815.
^ Frank (2003), pp. 390–441.
^ Jump up to:
a b Frank (1997), pp. 567–705.
^ Jump up to:
a b Kjetsaa (1989), pp. 337–414.
^ Müller (1982), pp. 91–103.
^ Dostoyefsky, F.M. (1920). "A Beggar Boy at Christ's Christmas Tree". Little Russian Masterpieces. Chosen and translated by Zénaïde A. Ragozin. Introduction and biographical notes by S.N. Syromiatnikof. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. p. 172.