WHAT IS KUSAMA (KSM) KUSAMA NEDİR ?

Ecbk...TKvT

3 Feb 2024

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Herkese merhaba,

Kusama (KSM), Polkadot (DOT) ekosisteminin test ağı olarak tanımlanabilir. Polkadot geliştiricileri çok önemli bir rol oynayan bu ağ, eskiden madencilerin tehlikeli gazlara karşı kendilerini önceden uyarsın diye yanlarında kanarya taşımasına atıfta bulunarak Kanarya ağı olarak da adlandırılmıştır.Polkadot ağında yeni bir zincir ya da merkeziyetsiz uygulama geliştirmek isteyenler, bu uygulamalarını önce Kusama’da test edebilir. Aynı şekilde resmi Polkadot güncellemeleri de Kusama ağında test edilmektedir.
Birincil kullanım amacı testleri kolaylaştırmak olan Kusama, geliştiricilere Polkadot projelerinin tasarımını tamamlarken daha fazla esneklik sağlar. Dolayısı ile Kusama, daha az katı yönetişim parametreleri de dahil olmak üzere Polkadot'tan daha gevşek kurallar sunmaktadır. Öte yandan, Kusama, Polkadot’un başlıca tasarım özelliklerinin neredeyse tamamına sahiptir. Bu da onu kusursuz bir Polkadot test ağı kılar.

KSM Token Projesi

KSM Token, Kusama ağının yerel kripto para birimidir. KSM, öncelikle ağın yönetişim token’ı görevi görür. Kullanıcılar, KSM stake ederek ağ yükseltmeleri için oy hakkı elde eder. Her oyun ağırlığı, stake edilen KSM token miktarı ile orantılıdır.
Kendine has bir Proof-of-Stake (PoS) konsensüs mekanzimasıyla çalışan Kusama ağında KSM stake ederek doğrulayıcı ya da nominatör olmak mümkündür. Doğrulayıcılar ve nominatörler, KSM token ile ödüllendirilir. Bu bakımdan KSM token, Kusama ağının güvenli bir şekilde çalışması için de son derece önemli bir unsurdur.

Kusama (KSM) projesinin kurucuları kimler?

Kusama (KSM), 2016 yılında Polkadot'un yaratıcıları Gavin Wood, Peter Czaban ve Robert Habermeier tarafından kuruldu. Bu isimlerden özellikle Gavin Wood, Ethereum (ETH) ağının da kurucularından biri olduğu için kripto para dünyasında son derece önemli bir yere sahip. Wood, bugün geliştiriciler arasında son derece popüler olan ve merkeziyetsiz uygulamalar oluşturmayı kolaylaştıran Solidty programlama dilinin de mucidi.

KSM token istatistikleri

KSM token, maksimum arzı bulunmayan bir kripto para birimidir. Toplam KSM arzı ise bu yazı yazıldığı sırada 9 milyon 651 bin 217 token olarak tespit edilmiştir.

Kusama (KSM) whitepaper

Kusama (KSM) whitepaper’ına erişmek için buraya tıklayabilirsiniz.

Interact with Kusama

Polkadot's Canary Network

Kusama is a canary network for Polkadot; an earlier release of the code that is available first and holds real economic value. For developers, Kusama is a proving ground for runtime upgrades, on-chain governance, and parachains.

Accounts
Balance Transfers
Staking

Polkadot OpenGov
Proxy Accounts
Account Identity

Parachains
Bridges
Become an Ambassador

Become a Nominator
Treasury
Join Kappa Sigma Mu

For brand-new learners of Kusama's cousin network, Polkadot, please head over to the Polkadot Wiki.

What can I do with my KSM?

KSM is the native token of the Kusama Network. KSM can be used for transaction fees, staking, governance, acquisition of a parachain slot and for enabling several key functionalities on Kusama.

0.000333 KSM: the minimum balance required to have an active account on Kusama Network. If your account balance drops below the minimum, your account will be reaped. Learn more about Accounts and the Existential Deposit requirement.
0.001667 KSM: the minimum contribution required to join a nomination pool and earn staking rewards for contributing to the security of the network. Learn more about nomination pools.
1.000000 KSM: the minimum contribution required to participate in crowdloans for parachain slot auctions.
0.333333 KSM: register an on-chain identity
0.666933 KSM: create a proxy account.
1 KSM: you can create your own nomination pool.
0.239483 KSM: the minimum amount of KSM required to become an active nominator and earn rewards.

KSM has utility in Kusama's democracy. Bonding KSM is a requirement to create proposals, to endorse them and to vote on them when they become referendums. Bonding 0.666667 KSM or 5% of requested funding is a requirement to make a treasury proposal.

Kusama Gifts

usama Gifts provide an easy way to:

Onboard friends or family who are curious about blockchain but haven’t made the leap yet.
Share your love of Kusama and send any amount of KSM.
Say ‘thank you’ or send someone tokens when you don’t know their address.
Get friends and family set up to participate in crowdloans.

Learn more about how you can create and send Kusama Gifts here.
While Kusama does not support smart contracts natively, building apps on it is still possible (e.g. RMRK.app). If you're interested in diving deeper into proper development, however, check out the builders guide.
Additional Resources:

Kusama Code of Conduct

While Kusama has been its own network and has had its own ecosystem for a while now, it is still one big experiment, and we need your participation for it to continue being a great success.

Community

We want to foster a sense of collaboration amongst ourselves and the open-source community. Kusama participants exist to encourage the open exchange of ideas and expression and require an environment that recognizes the inherent worth of every person and group. We are here to collaborate, discuss, and even disagree. The key is doing this in a manner that comes from a place of respect and professionalism. Participants in the Kusama network may consist of an online forum, on-chain governance participants, parachain deployment teams, validators, enthusiasts, and ecosystem tool builders. We expect for there to be participation from all backgrounds but like to set some social boundaries on how you may be treated and treat others.
Kusama community members come from across the globe and are not bordered by race, gender, or background. Community participants have read through the requisite resources and obtained sufficient knowledge about Kusama and all related content. This knowledge equips the community with the requisite information needed to dispense of their duties as a participant.

Bugs

Please understand that this network is, despite its success, an experiment with potential flaws, so it’s appreciated that community members help report any sort of exploits directly to the team before sharing publicly. Please see the bug bounty program.

Kusama Claims

The Kusama network is Polkadot's experimental, community-focused R&D network. If you held the DOT indicator token at the time of the genesis block of Kusama, you are entitled to claim an equivalent amount of KSM on the Kusama network.
You can claim KSM by signing a message with the Ethereum account that holds your DOT indicator tokens. There is no deadline for claiming KSM.

Step 1. Create a Kusama account

You will need to generate a Kusama account to claim KSM. There are a few ways you can create one.
For most users, we recommend using the Polkadot{.js} browser extension since it will allow you to store your encrypted keystore locally.
In terms of hardware wallet support, you can use the Kusama Ledger application, or Polkadot Vault.
Another option you may consider using is the Subkey command-line utility, which will allow you to take extra steps to protect the security of your key.
There are a variety of other wallets that you can use; see the Polkadot Wiki Wallets page for more details. Many of these wallets support generating Kusama accounts as well.

Using Kusama Ledger application

Please follow the instructions for installing the Kusama Ledger application and then proceed to step 2 below.

Using Polkadot{.js} extension (Chrome/Brave or Firefox)

Install the Polkadot{.js} extension from the Chrome store or Firefox store.
Click on the settings button to change the network to "Kusama (canary)".
Create a new account by clicking on "Create new account (root or derived)".
Uncheck the option to create an account dervied from another seed.
Copy the seed phrase and store it somewhere safe. Don't share the seed phrase with anyone, you can use it to access your account if you forget your password or want to import your account again.
Enter a name for the account and type a strong password (at least 6 characters).
Click on "Add the account with the generated seed".
You can copy the account's address to the clipboard by clicking on its identicon.

Using Subkey

Installation

You can install Subkey with this one-line command:

cargo install --force --git https://github.com/paritytech/substrate subkey

Note that you will already have had to install the correct Rust version and dependencies. If you have not done so, or experience problems installing using that command, run the following commands first, and then re-try the previous command:

curl https://sh.rustup.rs -sSf | sh

rustup update nightly
rustup target add wasm32-unknown-unknown --toolchain nightly
rustup update stable
cargo install --git https://github.com/alexcrichton/wasm-gc

Alternatively, you can build Subkey from the source code.

Follow the build instructions for Substrate.
When building, only build Subkey by typing cargo build -p subkey.
The executable is ./target/debug/subkey

Usage

You can use Subkey on a computer that is not connected to the internet for added security.

The command subkey --network kusama generate will generate a new key pair. If you want to be more secure, use 24 words, subkey --network kusama generate --words 24.

$ subkey --network kusama generate
Secret phrase `lobster flock few equip connect boost excuse glass machine find wonder tattoo` is account:
  Secret seed: 0x95b90eb1344e3aea40f4a6dc81622901a2ac39efb331c41db10c311bb9b46927
  Public key (hex): 0xfe7fce341ff73e1db537daa4cc8c539997a8b0654b06cb81c47e4f067f55a65a
  Address (SS58): JL1eTcbzuZP99FjeySkDrMygNREPdbhRyV7iD5AsV4fDRcg

The Address (SS58) field is what you should use to claim your KSM tokens. Never share your Secret phrase or Secret seed, as these can both control your funds.

NOTE: Previous versions of Subkey only generated Substrate addresses. If you do not want to generate a new seed, you can convert the Substrate address to a Kusama address by following this section.
See the Subkey documentation or enter subkey --help for more usage examples.

Using Polkadot-JS UI

Open up the Polkadot-JS UI and navigate to the top left corner of the navigation. This will open up a panel of network options to select from. Select on "Kusama", either from Parity or Web3 Foundation, then "Switch".
Navigate to the Polkadot-JS UI Accounts Tab and click on the "Add account" button.

3.Enter a name for your account and create a secure password. This password will be used to decrypt your account. The required text fields to complete are highlighted in pink.
4.Ignore the advanced options unless you want to change the type of cryptography used for your keys (we recommend "Schnorrkel (sr25519)"). You will have to enter an Account Name and a password to protect your account. Be sure to select a secure and hard-to-guess password. Note that anything will be accepted as a password here. Please note: There are no checks to see if it is long enough or secure. You will need this password for any future interaction with or transaction from this account.
5.Click "Save" and "Create and backup account".
6.Save your encrypted keystore locally. Ideally, you would also save it on an external hard drive or thumb drive or print it out and be able to re-enter it later. You should not store it in cloud storage, email it to yourself, etc. You can use this backup file to restore your account. The seed in the backup file is not readable unless it is decrypted with the password.
7.The account now appears in your Accounts tab and is backed up to the keystore you just saved.
8.Click on the DOT identicon to copy the address to the clipboard.

Using Polkawallet

Install Polkawallet. Click "Download" and select the link corresponding to the platform you are using. On Android, you may need to allow installing apps from external sources. On iOS, you may need to "trust" Polkawallet in the "General > Profiles & Device Management > Enterprise App" section before running the app.
Once the app is open, copy the seed phrase and store it in a safe place. Don't share the seed phrase with anyone, you can use it to access your account if you forget your password or otherwise lose your keystore.
Name your account and make a strong password, make sure to write it down in another place, then click "Save".
You will be asked to confirm your seed phrase - this is to make sure you have copied it somewhere safe.
Click on the pink QR Code symbol and select "Copy address" to copy your address to the clipboard.

6.Get the Kusama address from the Substrate address.

Kusama from Substrate address

If you used one of the generation methods that gave you a generic Substrate address (begins with a 5), then you will need to take an extra step to turn this into the properly encoded Kusama address.

Copy your Substrate generic address to the clipboard.
Go to the Polkadot-JS UI.
Go to the "Settings" tab and find the "address network prefix" configuration.
Select "Substrate (development)" and click "Save and reload".
Go to the "Address book" and click the "Add contact" button.
Enter your address and give it a name like "My Address".
Go back to the "Settings" tab and select the "Kusama (canary)" option in "address network prefix" and click "Save and reload".
Go back to the "Address book" and find the account you just added (it will have the same name).
The address is now formatted as a Kusama address.

Step 2. Get KSM tokens

There are two methods to claim KSM.

DOT Holders

Those who participated in the Polkadot sales before 2020 and have been allocated DOT indicator tokens on Ethereum can claim a proportional amount of KSM on the Kusama network.
To do this, you must sign a message containing the address of your Kusama account. You can do this by using the Polkadot-JS UI Claims app. Ensure that you are connected to the Kusama network (displayed in the upper-left hand corner of the screen). If you are not, change the network to Kusama by clicking in the network change tab in the upper-left-hand corner..

Generate a Kusama address

If you haven't already done so, you will need to generate a Kusama address. See step 1 above for detailed instructions first.

Claiming your KSM with MyCrypto

The Polkadot-JS Claims app helps you sign a message from MyCrypto. MyCrypto is good to use in case you have stored the key to the Ethereum account holding your DOT indicator tokens on a hardware device like a Ledger Nano S or a Trezor. It also supports raw private keys, mnemonics, and the Parity signer.Once you've downloaded MyCrypto and have it running locally (we recommend an air-gapped computer for maximum security), you can start by navigating to the Claims app on the Polkadot-JS UI. Select the account you would like to claim the KSM into and click the blue "Continue" button to proceed. Your screen should look something like this:The hex-encoded string that follows the sentence: "Pay KSM to the Kusama account:" is the hex-encoded public key of your Kusama account, minus the 0x prefix. To verify that the public key is correct, you can use the Subkey tool to inspect your address.
The next step is to go to the MyCrypto application and click on "Sign & Verify Message" tab. This will prompt you to select a method for unlocking your wallet. After unlocking your wallet, you will copy and paste the outputted sentence into the input box.When you click "Sign Message" you will get a JSON output like the below:Copy and paste the JSON output of the signed message from MyCrypto into the input box on the Polkadot-JS UI and click "Confirm Claim."At this point, you will see a success message if everything went right and your KSM will now be in the account that you claimed to. Congratulations you can now participate in aspects of the Kusama network such as governance and staking. During the soft launch period balance transfers will not be enabled.

Verifying your Claim

After you make an on-chain claim for KSM, your balance should be updated on Polkadot-JS Apps immediately.
Are you having trouble? Get in touch on the Polkadot Support page.

Third Party Claims Processes

We do not recommend using a third-party app or process to perform your claim or acquire KSM.
Claiming using a third-party process can lead to the loss of your allocation; therefore, we cannot recommend using any third-party apps to do so. Manually specifying your transaction data, as specified in our claims process, is the only way to be certain you will receive your allocation.

Kusama Parameters

Many of these parameter values can be updated via on-chain governance. If you require absolute certainty of these parameter values, it is recommended you directly check the constants by looking at the chain state and/or storage.

Periods of common actions and attributes

NOTE: Kusama generally runs 4x as fast as Polkadot, except in the time slot duration itself. See Polkadot Parameters for more details on how Kusama's parameters differ from Polkadot's.

Slot: 6 seconds *(generally one block per slot, although see note below)
Epoch: 1 hour (600 slots x 6 seconds)
Session: 1 hour (6 sessions per Era)
Era: 6 hours (3600 slots x 6 seconds)

*A maximum of one block per slot can be in a canonical chain. Occasionally, a slot will be without a block in the chain. Thus, the times given are estimates. See Consensus for more details.

Accounts, Identity and Crowdloans

The Existential Deposit is 0.000333 KSM
The deposit required to set an Identity is 0.333333 KSM
The minimum contribution required to participate in a crowdloan is 1.000000 KSM

Governance
Staking, Validating, and Nominating

A maximum of 24 validators can be nominated by a nominator on Kusama.

Treasury

Burn percentage is currently 0.20%, though instead of being burned this amount is temporarily redirected into the Society's treasury to fund growth.

Precision

KSM have 12 decimals of precision. In other words, 1e12 (1_000_000_000_000, or one trillion) Plancks make up a single KSM.

Kusama Timeline

Kusama network started as a Proof-of-Authority network and was transitioned to Proof-of-Stake on October 28, 2019 at approximately 16:43 UTC. The first successful validator set rotation took place at 20:45 UTC.
Currently, Kusama is a healthy Proof-of-Stake network with over 900 validators and over eight million blocks produced. If you are curious about the history of the Kusama network, you will find more information in the sections below.

Rollout plan

The rollout of full functionality of Kusama was staggered to allow for a safe transition. The first PoS phase began with 20 validators. Of the 20, Web3 Foundation ran nine and Parity Technologies ran six. Five were ran by highly staked community members as voted in by the Phragmén election.
When the initial transition was successful, additional validator spots were opened 10 at a time in order to allow for more validators to enter the active set.
When the first transition to PoS took place, the full functionality of Kusama was not fully available. Notably, the Sudo key still existed and was used to initiate further upgrades. Balance transfers were still disabled for a short while.
Kusama now has its full functionality enabled.

Kusama's First Adventure

Source
On January 4, 2020, the Polkadot mainnet runtime, which at that time still wasn't live, was uploaded to the Kusama chain during a runtime upgrade. The mishap was due to a recent split of the Kusama logic from the Polkadot logic and that runtime was not correctly named. This led to a halt of block production on the Kusama chain and bricked the chain entirely.
The solution to the issue involved a rollback of the chain history before the problematic runtime upgrade. However, due to intricacies of the block production mechanism, it was also necessary to encapsulate the validators of the chain into a time bubble to trick them into believing that they were producing blocks in the past. Furthermore, in order for the chain to catch up to the present moment it was necessary to make time flow in the bubble at a speed of six times greater than the speed of time in the real world. Therefore, the session of Kusama which would normally last one hour would last only 10 minutes until the validators caught up to the present moment.
The above plan was executed successfully on January 7, 2020. Due to the time warp, the number of missed blocks in the sessions directly following block #516558 was significantly higher. This is partly what contributes to the much higher ratio of missed blocks on Kusama versus Polkadot today.

Kusama's Current Adventure: Auctions

Kusama promised chaos, and it delivered on that promise. On June 15th, 2021, the roll out of the first public parachain slot auction commenced, marking the beginning of the end to deliver on the last piece of core functionality outlined in the Polkadot whitepaper: purpose-built, interoperable parachains.
Teams and projects looking to become an official parachain on the Kusama network have been working hard to bring their technologies to life, many of whom started a crowdloan campaign in order to participate in the slot auctions.
Kusama has made history with the permissionless launch of several independent parachains, and continues to do so with ongoing slot auction. As parachains become operational, the community will determine which additional features and network upgrades should be added over time.
While Kusama’s current parachains are taking advantage of the built-in features of the network and forkless upgradability provided by Substrate, chaos continues, and in the spirit of chaos, more teams are eager to deploy on Kusama. The path of Kusama deployment has paved the way to Polkadot's parachains as the technology became proven.

Kusama Community

The following is a list of official chats, forums, and social channels for the Kusama community.
No admin or moderator will ever DM you for any reason whatsoever without prior public contact and anyone doing so is likely trying to scam you.

General

Kusama Discussion and Governance on Polkassembly
Polkadot GitHub - Parity maintained repository that houses the Rust implementation of the Polkadot and Kusama Host.
Polkadot Meetup Hub - Information on hosting meetups, applying for funding, and materials for running it.
Support Knowledgebase and Polkadot Support Contact.
Polkadot's Latest Research (news) - also applies to Kusama.

Events

Web3 Foundation hosts many events online and in-person. To check out our current and past events, please refer to our public Notion page here.

Matrix Chats

We primarily use Matrix across the organization and to communicate with community members. The application we use most often to interact with the Matrix protocol is the Element messenger.

Kusama Watercooler Chat - General room for talk about Kusama.
Kusama Validator Lounge - Room for validators learning about setting up a node.
Kusama Direction - Governance, and a place to discuss the future of Kusama.
Polkadot Digest - News about what is happening in the Polkadot ecosystem, published every weekday except holidays, includes Kusama.
To join the Chinese Validator chat, message Anson
Kusama Discord

Technical

Substrate and Polkadot StackExchange - More advanced room for technical questions on building with Substrate.
Smart Contracts & Parity Ink! - A room to discuss developing Substrate smart contracts using Parity Ink!