Pathological personality traits: passive-aggressive ones, how to recognize and manage them.

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Do you know what passive-aggressive behavior is? This is a way of expressing negative feelings indirectly rather than addressing them openly. There is a disconnect between what the person exhibiting the passive-aggressive behavior says and what he does. For example, someone engaging in passive-aggressive behavior might appear to accept, perhaps even enthusiastically, another person's request. However, instead of doing what was asked, she might express anger or resentment by not meeting the request or a deadline.

Passive-aggressive behavior can interfere with relationships and cause difficulties at work. It is not considered a mental illness in itself, but it can be a feature of different mental health conditions, such as cluster A personality disorders (especially narcissistic, borderline, and antisocial). However, it could only be considered truly pathological when it became consolidated as the most common social dynamic in interpersonal relationships.

How to recognize passive-aggressive behavior? Some specific signs are:

• Resentment and opposition to the demands of others, especially the demands of people in positions of authority.

• Resistance to cooperation, procrastination and intentional errors in response to the demands of others.

• Cynical, gloomy or hostile attitude.

• Frequent complaints about feeling underestimated or deceived.

How to handle passive-aggressive behavior? The first thing is to identify it and not take it personally. Next, it is important to communicate assertively and respectfully, expressing feelings and needs without attacking or manipulating. It is also advisable to establish clear limits and consequences for inappropriate behavior. If passive-aggressive behavior persists or severely affects quality of life, it may be helpful to seek professional help.

Passive-aggressive people are not bad people or incapable of resolving conflicts. They are people who have difficulties expressing their emotions and tolerating the suffering of themselves and others. With understanding, support and therapy, they can learn to channel their feelings in more constructive and healthy ways.