Aggression in Sports
Aggression; It includes ignoring the personal rights of others without paying attention to them, as well as acts such as preventing others from exercising their rights, or preventing the emergence of suitable conditions for the exercise of rights, and using emotional and physical force. Aggression is often the result of being angry or holding a grudge against others, causing other people to lose respect for you.
Aggressiveness; It is defined as a relatively persistent tendency to display aggressive behavior.
Aggression, the indirect path to death, is a person's turning his destructive tendencies towards objects in the outside world. Aggression is when an individual has the idea of attempting to injure another individual. If such an attempt occurs, it is called an attack.
Aggression; It is defined as a strong, violent, effective movement, verb, process with the aim of dominating, defeating, ruling: a hostile, injurious, harassing or destructive (destructive, destructive) behavior aimed at disrupting, hindering or frustrating a task.
Types of Aggression
Research on aggression has shown that there are many types of aggression. Researchers have generally examined aggression in two groups as active and passive aggression. In active aggression, the intention to harm is realized with an action, while in passive aggression, the intention to harm is realized without action. In active aggression, the person takes action to harm the other person in a concrete way. In short, the other person is injured and harmed by this action. In passive aggression, the person ignores people around him who need help even though he has the opportunity to help them. In this case, the person does not actively display aggression because he is worried about being harmed by the law or the individual in front of him later.
Purposive aggression
As in every profession, athletes have feelings such as promotion in their work, making a career, earning more money, becoming famous and securing their place. For example; Behaviors such as a player hitting his opponent with his shoulder in ice hockey, a rebounding player elbowing his opponent in basketball, or a boxer throwing a knockout punch to his opponent, are behaviors performed solely to achieve a goal, without any hostile intent. An athlete who engages in such behavior is punished within the limits determined by the game rules.
Instrumental Aggression
An important feature of learning theory is that it accepts that the individual plays a more active role in the acquisition of behaviors compared to other theories regarding aggression. This theory points out that aggressive behaviors that occur as a result of intense emotions can be changed and controlled depending on environmental reinforcement. As a result of intense emotions, the individual may learn more positive behaviors instead of aggression. Social learning theory argues that the individual can be taught more positive ways to cope with problems instead of aggressive behavior. Thus, it becomes clear that social learning theory sees aggression as learned behavior that is basically based on reinforcement and modeling processes. Learned aggressive actions are defined as instrumental aggression. The type of attack is implemented in a planned manner to achieve a goal. Vehicle attacks can be developed in accordance with the rules, or they can go beyond the rules. Instrumental aggression is a form of aggression that does not have an emotional basis but is completely task and purpose-oriented.
In instrumental aggression, the athlete carries out the aggressive action on behalf of his team, not on his own behalf. Because even if he is penalized as a result of aggression, his team can finish the game victoriously. This is the most important goal of the players. If the team wins, players are rewarded in different ways. In short, the player's aggressive behavior on the field is rewarded. Such rewards cause the player to engage in more aggressive behavior over time. The player has now seen that he can achieve his goal by being aggressive, and he strives to repeat this in every game.
Aggression Under Command
Most team and individual athletes interpret success as winning. Athletes who think in this direction and are driven by their teams to win at all costs display all kinds of aggressive behavior in order to be successful. These actions of the athletes are supported by the team and the fans, even if they are punished on the field. When the coach tells his players that they must win the match and that they must do their best to do so, the player gets tougher and acts aggressively towards the opposing players, showing that the aggressive actions that individuals can perform under orders are unlimited.
Hostile Aggression
Many social psychologists argue that there is aggression whose primary purpose is to harm someone. They usually call such aggression hostile aggression and consider this aggression as emotional or anger aggression. The person who attacks sends unpleasant stimuli to others and tries to harm them.
This type of aggression includes a feeling of hostility, the main purpose is to harm and hurt another person. In other words, aggression involving hostility is a result in itself. This type of aggression; Discontent is a reaction to grudge or hateful stimuli. Events that cause pain may occur as a result of the sudden emergence of obstacles that prevent the reactions previously directed towards a certain goal, the requirements for success, or the good events expected due to previous experiences not occurring or ending. An increase in the level of psychological activation in the nature of discontent or resentment and feelings of extreme anger or resentment accompany hostility-containing aggression. The source of hostility-based aggression is emotional and its aim is to completely harm the target.
Hostile aggression in athletes generally stems from past competitions and losses. After a game in which the player has previously played and lost, he begins to harbor grudges and hatred towards the players of the opposing team, and these intense emotions emerge in the first match, causing him to take action. Although this hostile attitude of the player is not welcomed by anyone, if his team achieves success, it is appreciated by both team managers and fans.