Orupa [FA]
Orupa naam yeki az haftaad va do ghamar sayaareyeh moshtari ast. in maah dar saal 1610 milaadi tavassot gaalileh kashf shod. Orupa paanzdahomin jesm dar manzoomeh khorshidi bar paayeh jorm va hajm mi-baashad.
naghsheh-bardaari jahaani az naghsh-haaye daayeravi bar rooye oghyanoos yakh-zadeh ghamar Orupa daaneshmandaan ra az gamaan-haaye pishin door nemood. in naghsh-haa kamaan-haayi be 'arz 40 kilometr hastand ke ta sadhaa kilometr gostardeh shodeh-and. in naghsh-haa mo'amaaye jadid ghamar pichideh shodeh dar lafaafeh yakh hastand.
yeki az in baraamadegi-haa tavassot negaah ejmaali voijer dar moddat 'oboor khod az kenaar saamaaneh sayaareh moshtari dar saal 1979 sabt shodeh bood. hengaami-ke safin fazaayi gaalileh dar saal 1996 be ghamar Orupa resid, tasaavir jadidi ra az chandin baraamadegi 'ajib baraaye ma ersaal nemood. fazaapeymaaye ofogh-haaye no niz dar tahieh va takmil naghsheh sath in ghamar, ba gozar az kenaar sayaareh dar saal 2007, be daaneshmandaan komak shayaani nemood.
dar nataayeji ke dar paanzdahom maah mh dar majaleh tabi'at (neycher) montasher shod, timi az daaneshmandaan be sarparasti doktor paaool aschnok az anstito maah va sayaareh-shenaasi hooston tegzaas, ba moshaarekat doktor 'eesaamo maatsooyamaa az amؤseseh kaarnegi vaashington va doktor feraansis naeimo az daaneshgaah kaalifornia, kashf nemoodand ke in naghsh-haa az nazdiki do olgoi daayeravi ba 'arz chand sad kilometr shekl gerefteh-and. yin daayereh-haa kaamelanً dar jahat digar ghamar Orupa gharaar gerefteh-and amّa be tarz 'ajibi az ostovaye Orupa va mehvar Orupa-moshtari jaabejaa va baa'es eejaad olgoi gheyrema'mooli dar manzoomeh khorshidi shodeh-and. jost-vojo baraaye kashf mansha in olgoo va naghsh-haa saadeh nist. gardesh naahamgaam poosteh yakhi be hamraah jazr va mod shadid (ba taghiraati be bolandi 30 metr dar har doreh) az 'avaamel ghaabel estenaad baraaye bishtar padideh-haaye moshaahedeh shodeh bar rooye in ghamar bodeh-and amma padideyeh akhir ba in dalaayel ghaabel tojih nist. 'aamel sevomi be naam ghotb sargardaan be taazegi eraa'eh gashteh-ast ke sa'i dar toozih in padideh daashteh vali taakonoon natavaanesteh pish-bini ghaabel ghaboli ra eraa'eh dahad.
dar mekaanizm ghotb sargardaan, pishnahaad mi-gardad ke poosteh yakhi khaareji Orupa mi-tavaand dar zamaani-ke hasteh yakhi ghool-peykar be gardesh 'aadi khod edaameh mi-dahad, be aahestegi taghir zavieh tamayol dahad. damaaye kom ghotb mi-tavaand baa'es zakhim shodan poosteh yakhi va harkat enheraaf ghotbi shavad. hengaami-ke gorooh pajhoheshgaraan meydaan tanesh-haaye ghotbi moshaabeh ba model pishnahaadi va moshaahedaat peydaa nemoodand, az tataabogh saayer olgoohaye khatti digar sath ghamar niz mote'jeb shodand.
aschnok bayaan nemood: «olgoohaye shekasti Orupa bish az naghsheh pishnahaadi eraa'eh shodeh moteghaaren bodeh va in mozoo' ma ra be fekr vaadaashteh-ast. hengaami-ke senaarioi ghotb sargardaan, tatbigh ghaabel tavajohi ra nesbat be saayer model-haa az khod neshaan daad, naagahaan olgoo va raftaar saayer 'avaarez va posti bolandi-haaye in ghamar niz dar olgooyi moteghaaren va jahaani khod ra namayaan saakht va bar naghsheh pishnahaadi tatbigh yaaftand.»
in yaafteh-haa dar majaleh tabi'at (neِichِre) montasher shodeh ke avalin madrak baraaye model-saazi va dark tahavolaat dar eejaad padideh ghotb sargardaan Orupa ast. amّa toozih olgoohaye moshaahedeh shodeh dar 'avaarez sathi Orupa, ke khod niyaazmand vojood taghiraati bozorg dar tamayol madaari in ghamar ast, shart jodaa boodan poosteh birooni va hasteh yakhi tavassot yek laayeh maaye' ra niz dar del khod daard.
nataayej haasel az tahghighaat zamin-shenaakhti gaaliloo az ghamar Orupa be ma neshaan mi-dahad ke be ehtemaal besyar ghavi, in ghamar daaraaye oghyanoos aab ast. in madrak jadid moshkel jodaa boodan poosteh az hasteh yakhi ra ta hade ziyaadi hal nemood.
Orupa tanhaa koreh ba ghotb sargardaan dar manzoomeh khorshidi nist. sayaareyeh merikh niz haddeaghal az zamaan shekl-giri aatashfeshaan taarsis taakonoon taghir zavieh tamayol madaari daadeh-ast. laayeh khaareji sayaareyeh zamin niz dar haal anjaam chenin raftaari ast ke ma asaraat aan ra dar ghaaleb taghir safahaat ghaareh-'ee mi-shenaasim. hamchenin be ehtemaal ziyad, aِnasldoos va mi-randaa niz az chenin raftaari barkhordaar hastand. dar natijeh mi-tavaan chenin ezhaar nemood ke sayaaraat bish az aankeh pish-tar zekr mi-shod naapaayedaarand.
faraaz va nashib-haayi be andaazeh 500 metr dar Orupa moshaahedeh shodeh-ast. darreh-haaye 'amigh ta zamaani-ke poosteh yakhi be andaazeh kaafi zakhim va mohkam nashodeh baashad naapaaydaar khaahand bood. model-haaye haraarati va motaaleat soorat gerefteh takhmin mi-zanand ke zekhaamat laayeh yakh beyn 10 ta 20 kilometr baashad, har chand ke tain zekhaamat va 'omgh vaaghe'i in oghyanoos az vazaayef aati madaargard Orupa mi-baashad.
daayereh-haaye motahedaalmarkaz senaarioi ghotb sargardaan be tofang dodi mashhoorand va model ghotb sargardaan be khoobi tavaanaayi tashrih aan-haa ra daard. aazmaayesh-haa baraaye tahghigh bar rooye in nazarieh aaghaaz shodeh-and vali tanhaa yek mamooriyat baraaye naghsheh-bardaari daghigh az Orupa mi-tavaand be ma dar shenaakht har che bishtar in oghyanoos va tahavolaat aan yaari resaand.
daayereh-haaye motahedaalmarkaz haddeaghal neshaan daadeh-and ke ghotb sargardaan yek padideh ghaabel tavajjoh bood ke monjer be taghir shekl sath Orupa shodeh-ast. banaa bar gofteh aِschnok: «ghotb sargardaan nahveyeh negaresh ma be taarikhcheyeh tahavolaat 'avaarez ghamar Orupa ra taghir khaahad daad.»
