II. Murad

Princedom 

II. Murad; According to some sources, in 1402,  According to some, he was born in Amasya in 1404  . He spent his early childhood years in Amasya. He came to Bursa with his father in 1410 and received palace education there. In 1415, under the supervision of his lala Yörgüç Pasha, he was appointed as the governor of the province of Rum and Danışmendiye, whose center was in Amasya and which had great strategic importance as it was on the eastern border of the state . He served in this position for 6 years until he ascended to the throne. Amasya was also a very important Anatolian cultural center, and in this center, scientific and religious scholars organized assemblies with poets and Sufis and supported and participated in the cultural life of the city. In 1416, he took part in suppressing the uprisings started by Börklüce Mustafa , as the head of the region's military, in Izmir and Saruhan . In 1418, he took Samsun from Çandaroğulları with his next son, Hamza Bey . 

When his father, Mehmed I, was seriously injured in a hunting accident in Edirne, he made a will on his death bed to hand over the administration of the state to his son Murat as soon as possible. Statesmen hid his father's death until Murat came from Amasya to Bursa, where the enthronement ceremony was held. Murat came to Bursa on June 25, 1421, and ascended to the throne at the age of 17, with the support of the dignitaries of the state and the janissaries , after the ascension and allegiance ceremonies were held . 

Sultan II. In order to show his lineage as a member of the Kayı tribe , Murad had his coins stamped with two arrows and a bow belonging to the Kayı tribe. The Kayı stamp, which was not seen on the coins minted by subsequent sultans, continued to be placed on various items and weapons until Suleiman I.

Early years 

Sultan II. Murad
After the death of Murat's father Mehmet , there was a great depression that lasted for 3 years due to the princes who had a claim to the sultanate.
Son of Yıldırım Beyazid and II. Mustafa Çelebi, Murad's uncle, was detained by the Byzantines in Lemnos . His younger sons, Mustafa , Yusuf and Mahmud, whose father Mehmed I was a child, were their older brothers, the new Sultan Mehmed II. To prevent them from being killed

by Murad due to "politics", Byzantine Emperor II. He made an agreement with the emperor for them to live under Manuel 's protection. 

However, immediately after the death of Mehmed I, Byzantine Emperor II did not comply with this agreement. Manuel released Murad's uncle, Mustafa Çelebi , who was detained in Lemnos , in exchange for giving Gallipoli to Byzantium. Emperor II He accepted Manuel Mustafa Çelebi as the legitimate sultan and enabled him to pass from Lemnos to Rumelia with a Byzantine naval fleet . Mustafa Çelebi received the support of the Rumelian gentlemen, especially with the help of İzmiroğlu Cüneyd Bey . II. Amasyalı Beyazıt Pasha, Murat's grand vizier, set out with the army in Edirne against the newly assembled army of Mustafa Çelebi. As a result of the Battle of Sazlıdere, a large part of the grand vizier's army changed sides and II. Murad's grand vizier had to surrender. Upon the insistence of İzmiroğlu Cüneyd Bey, Mustafa Çelebi executed Amasyalı Beyazıt Pasha, whom he had captured. The people of Edirne, the second capital, welcomed Mustafa Çelebi with cheers. Mustafa Çelebi declared his sultanate in Edirne, had sermons read in his name and minted coins. 
Portrait drawn by Konstantin Kapıdağlı
Mustafa Çelebi, who acted like a sultan, made some big mistakes in his politics. He lost his first and chief supporter by not giving Gallipoli, which he promised to Byzantium. Then, with his army of 12 thousand cavalrymen and 5 thousand foot soldiers, he crossed from Gallipoli to Anatolia with the ships of the Galata Genoese and set out to besiege Bursa. However, the Rumelian army, who did not want to go to war in Anatolia, was not very willing to go on this expedition.  On the other hand, II. The credibility of Murad's negative propaganda that Mustafa Çelebi was not Beyazıt's son but Dummy caused Mustafa Çelebi's army to disband. Especially II. İzmirlioğlu Cüneyd Bey, who was offered the principality of İzmir and Aydın by Murad, accepted this offer and left Mustafa Çelebi's army with his supporters. While Mustafa Çelebi was retreating with the remnants of his army, he suffered great losses in the clash with Hacı İvaz Pasha 's unit on a bridge around Ulubat . 
Mustafa Çelebi managed to escape to Gallipoli, where he stopped the Bosphorus traffic and tried to force the Byzantines to support him. But II. Murad managed to pass to Rumelia with the ship and soldiers he rented from the Genoese Podesta of Foça, Adorno. Mustafa Çelebi could not stay in Gallipoli and fled to Edirne. II. Murat marched on Edirne with an army reinforced by 2 thousand armored Foça Podesta soldiers. The people of Edirne welcomed him outside the city and declared that they were loyal to him. Mustafa Çelebi escaped from Edirne, taking the state treasury with him. However, he was caught in Kızılağaç Yenicesi in the Tunca Valley and sent to Edirne. The Mustafa Çelebi struggle ended in 1422, when Mustafa was hanged from the Edirne castle bastion.  However, historians are still debating the question of whether Mustafa Çelebi is a fake or whether he is really the sultan's son. The coins we have minted in the name of Mustafa Çelebi have the date 1422 and the name "Mustafa bin Beyazid Han". 
After this incident, the Byzantines who supported Mustafa Çelebi played a new game, stating that this support was implemented by a palace clique that was gaining power at that time and that Emperor II. Manuel was actually II. They declared that he was Murat's friend. However, Murat, who received the opinions of the new Grand Vizier Çandarlı İbrahim Pasha , Vizier Hacı İvaz Pasha and Lala Yorguç Pasha, reacted harshly to Byzantium and besieged

Constantinople from 2 June 1422 until the beginning of September. This siege caused great damage to soldiers and buildings for Byzantium. In order to escape from this siege, the Byzantines were sent to the Byzantines in August, while the siege continued. They managed to revolt Murat's brother, Küçük Mustafa . 

Küçük Mustafa, who set out from Hamid Province together with the Karaman and Germiyan lords, came to Bursa and besieged this city. The Ahis of Bursa sent a delegation to Sarapdar İlyas, the tulip of Prince Küçük Mustafa, and informed him that the city had personnel and supplies to defend itself and that the Ahis would support this defense. Thereupon, Prince Küçük Mustafa headed towards Iznik and captured this city after a 40-day siege. Prince Küçük Mustafa settled in the "İbrahim Pasha Palace" here and had his sultanate declared. 
Thereupon, Murat lifted the siege of Constantinople on September 6 and moved to the Anatolian side. He sent Mihaloğlu Mehmet Bey to Iznik with cavalry. The prince's lala, Sırapdar İlyas, was obtained with promises of being a beylerbey. When Mihaloğlu raided Iznik in February 1423, Prince Küçük Mustafa was in the bath; Mihaloğlu was injured while his supporters defended him and tried to kidnap him. But lala Sarapdar İlyas put the little Prince on his own horse and took him to II. He handed it over to Murat. Prince Küçük Mustafa was strangled and executed; His body was hung on a fig tree outside Iznik and then taken to Bursa and buried in the Green Tomb. 

In 1423, II. Murat, who secretly supported the incident of Şehzade Küçük Mustafa, marched against İsfendiyar Bey, the lord of Candaroğulları , and annexed most of his lands and especially the city of Taraklıboru ( Safranbolu ) to the Ottoman country. The death of Karamanoğlu Mehmet Bey during the siege of Antakya caused a conflict between his successors. II. Murat II. He helped Mehmet Bey (1423-1426) become ruler, and as a result, with an agreement, the Lakes Region, which the Karamanids had captured, was taken back by the Ottomans.

The Wallachian voivode's attacks on Ottoman lands were repelled, and in order to stop the intimidating attacks of the raiders, the Wallachian voivode again accepted dependence.

will continue with the Batlle of Venice.