The Roman Republic was established in 509 BCE after overthrowing its last king, replacing monarchy with a system of checks and balances.

Power was shared between consuls, the Senate, and popular assemblies, ensuring a balance of influence. However, internal conflicts and power struggles weakened the system.

Julius Caesar’s rise to power, marked by military success and political ambition, ultimately led to the Republic’s fall, paving the way for the Roman Empire under Augustus.