Leveraged ETFs: The Potential for Bigger Gains—and Bigger Losses

What Is a Leveraged ETF? A leveraged exchange-traded fund (LETF) is a security that uses financial derivatives and debt to amplify the returns of an underlying index or other assets it tracks. Some leveraged or "geared" ETFs track specific stocks, which were introduced in 2022, and crypto, which can make an already volatile trading strategy far more combustible. 1 2 While a traditional ETF typically tracks the securities in its underlying index on a one-to-one basis, an LETF will aim for a 2:1 or 3:1 ratio. These products are available for most indexes, such as the Nasdaq 100 Index and the Dow Jones Industrial Average. 3 KEY TAKEAWAYS A leveraged exchange-traded fund (LETF) uses financial derivatives and debt to amplify the returns of an underlying index, stock, specific bonds, or currencies. While a traditional ETF typically tracks the securities in its underlying index on a one-to-one basis, a LETF may aim for a 2:1 or 3:1 ratio. Leverage is a double-edged sword since it can lead to significant gains, but can also lead to significant losses. But first, a word of caution is in order. The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) first allowed LETFs in 2006. 4 Ever since market analysts have been concerned about their effect on overall market volatility since they can magnify major swings in the market. 1 But they also, as we do here, never fail to warn investors to avoid them as long-term investments. 3 They are meant for day-to-day trading, and their results over longer periods are unpredictable and can significantly compound losses. 5 For these reasons, they come under perennial regulatory scrutiny. Before investing in one, read the prospectus and understand the mechanics of these complicated trading instruments. Leveraged ETFs Explained ETFs sell like other securities on the stock market and contain a basket of securities. These securities could be from an index they track, a hand-picked theme of stocks, or individual stocks, derivatives, fixed-income securities, and currency. For example, ETFs that track the S&P 500 Index contain the 500 stocks in the S&P 500. Typically, if the S&P moves 1%, the ETF will also move by 1%. 6 An LETF that tracks the S&P 500 would use financial products and debt that magnify each 1% gain in the S&P to a 2% or 3% gain. The extent of the gain depends on the amount of leverage used. Leveraging is an investing strategy that uses borrowed funds to buy futures and other derivatives to increase the impact of changes in price. LETFs primarily use futures contracts, index futures, and swap agreements to magnify the daily returns of the underlying index, stock, or other tracked assets. 7 These derivatives are needed for the daily rebalancing these LETFs require. More on this crucial aspect below. This leverage can work in the opposite direction and lead to losses for magnified losses. If the underlying index falls by 1%, the loss is exaggerated by the leverage. Investors should be aware of the risks of LETFs since the risk of losses is far higher than those from traditional investments. As D.J. Abner notes in his "ETF Handbook," while investors notoriously fail to read prospectuses and investor warnings before putting money into securities, this is decidedly not the time to do so. 3 Lastly, the management fees and transaction costs associated with LETFs can diminish the fund's return. 8 For the 170 LETFs it tracks in the U.S. markets, ETF.com puts the average expense ratio at 1.02%. 9 The Leverage in Leveraged ETFs An LETF applies derivatives to magnify the exposure to a particular index or other targeted asset (stocks, cryptocurrency, commodities, etc.). 10 It does not aim to amplify the monthly or annual returns of the target assets but instead tracks daily changes, resetting each day. 8 The leverage in LETFs comes from several sources. First, it can come from borrowing. For instance, the fund that aims to have twice the return of the targeted assets might take your invested funds and then borrow the same amount to effectively double how much is invested. 11 LETFs also employ derivatives like forward contracts, futures contracts, total return swaps, and, less frequently, options: 7 Futures contracts: Agreements to buy or sell an asset at a predetermined price at a specific time. They are traded on exchanges and the parties have to fulfill the contract at its maturity date. Forward contracts: Like futures, forwards are contracts to trade an asset at a set price in the future. However, unlike futures, they are not standardized but are customizable private agreements. Total return swaps: Where one party agrees to pay the total return, including dividends, interest, and capital gains, of a tracked asset or set of assets to another party that pays a fixed or floating rate. It's a way to gain exposure to an asset's return without owning it. Options: Options contracts grant an investor the ability to buy (a call option) or sell (a put option) an underlying asset without the obligation to buy or sell the security. Options contracts have an expiration date for when any action must be completed. They are fundamentally different from futures and forwards, which put obligations on both parties, and from swaps, which involve exchanging cash flows or returns. Employing derivatives for generating returns is a method known as "synthetic replication" (the flip side of "physical" replication, directly borrowing), which is generally more efficient than borrowing to buy the securities of the benchmark. 3 Regarding options, they have upfront fees called premiums that allow investors to buy many shares of a security. 12 As a result, options layered with investments, such as stocks, can add to the gains for LETFs over 1:1 traditional ETFs. A leveraged inverse ETF uses its leverage to make money when the underlying index is declining in value. 13 In other words, an inverse ETF rises while the underlying index is falling, allowing investors to profit from a bearish market or market declines. 8 The Costs of Leverage Along with management and transaction fee expenses, there are other costs associated with LETFs. 5 These funds have higher fees than non-leveraged ETFs because premiums, fees, and interest need to be paid on the derivatives and for margin costs. 8 Many LETFs have expense ratios of 1% or more. 9 Despite the higher expense ratios associated with LETFs, they are often less expensive than other forms of margin. Trading on margin involves a broker lending money to a customer so that the borrower can buy securities with the securities held as collateral for the loan. The broker also charges an interest rate for the margin loan. For example, short selling, which involves borrowing shares from a broker to bet on a downward move, can carry fees of 3% or more on the amount borrowed. The use of margin to buy stock can become similarly expensive and can result in margin calls should the position begin losing money. A margin call happens when a broker asks for more money to shore up the account if the collateral securities are losing value an fall below a certain minimum. 14 Leveraged ETFs Are Short-Term Instruments LETFs are typically used by day traders speculating on an index or other targeted sets of assets. It is difficult to hold long-term investments in LETFs because the derivatives used for the leverage are not long-term investments. As a result, traders often hold positions in LETFs for day trading. 8 These ETFs should not be used for long-term strategies since they're anchored in techniques for returns within a trading day, not a longer time, and the daily reset means the fund can't build on itself. 8 10 If you want ETFs for long-term investing, there are myriad financial products for that. 1 Pros LETFs offer the potential for significant gains that exceed the tracked index or assets. Investors have a wide variety of securities to trade using LETFs. Investors can make money when the market is declining using inverse LETFs. Cons LETFs can lead to significant losses that exceed the tracked index or assets. LETFs have higher fees and expense ratios compared with traditional ETFs. LETFs are not long-term investments. Real World Example of a Leveraged ETF The Direxion Daily Financial Bull 3x Shares (FAS) ETF holds equities in large U.S. financial companies by tracking the Financial Select Sector Index. It has an expense ratio of 0.96%, and it tracks securities that include Berkshire Hathaway (BRK.B), Visa (V), JPMorgan Chase & Co. (JPM), and other financial companies in the S&P 500. This LETF aims to provide investors three times (3x) the return on the moves in the financial stocks it tracks. 15 To do this, the fund invests in swap agreements, index securities, and ETFs that track the index. Now, suppose an investor bought $10,000 of FAS, and the underlying financial stocks rose by 1% in a single day; FAS would seek to provide 3% returns on that day. This means the $10,000 investment would increase to $10,300 at the end of the day before fees. However, because LETFs reset each day, the gains are not compounded over days. Tomorrow is another day entirely. Conversely, if the tracked financial stocks declined 2% in a day, FAS would aim for a 6% decline for that same day. So, the original $10,000 investment would decrease to $9,400 before accounting for fees. As this example shows, the multiplier works both ways. You can get three times the gains during a positive performance and three times the losses when the index declines. The Impact of Daily Resets The daily reset mechanism causes LETFs to rebalance their entire portfolios daily to maintain their leverage. Thus, they won't work necessarily for a buy-and-hold strategy since they don't allow gains and losses to compound over longer periods. This resetting effect allows the ETF to seek 3x leverage daily but can cause longer-term returns to diverge significantly from simply multiplying the underlying index's total returns by 3x. To demonstrate this, here is an example covering several days. Let's assume the underlying financial index FAS tracks has the following daily returns: Day 1: +1.0% Day 2: -2.0% Day 3: +0.5% We need to triple each of these for the expected return of FAS: +3.0%, -6.0%, and +1.5%, respectively, for the three days above. On Day 1, since the index rose 1%, FAS would seek to provide 3x that return, or 3.0%. So the $10,000 investment would rise to $10,300. But on Day 2, the index fell 2.0%. So FAS would target returns of 3 x -2% = -6%. The $10,300 balance would decline by 6% to $9,682. On Day 3, the index rose 0.5%, so FAS would attempt to return 3 x 0.5% = 1.5%. So, the balance moves from $9,682 to $9,827, a net loss of 1.73%. As you can see, the daily reset prevents the gains and losses from compounding over several days. The leveraged position is reset completely rather than just adding 3x each day's additional gain or loss. While the index declined 0.5% over the three days, the 3x LETF declined more than 1.7% over the same period because of the effects of daily rebalancing (which is more than 1.5% loss expected by multiplying the index return by three). Thus, LETF returns can significantly diverge from a simple multiplier of the underlying index's returns in volatile conditions over those same periods. The sequence of daily gains and losses matters because of the daily reset mechanism. So, while useful for short-term trading strategies, LETFs like FAS generally should not be expected to achieve a consistent 3x return compared with the tracked index or assets for longer periods. What Are the Tax Implications of Owning Leveraged ETFs? LETFs have unique tax implications because of their frequent trading and rebalancing. They can generate higher short-term capital gains inside the fund, which are taxed at a higher rate than long-term capital gains. 16 Also, the use of derivatives and other financial instruments in these ETFs can lead to complex tax situations in certain cases. 17 It's advisable to consult a tax professional for guidance specific to your circumstances. Do Interest Rate Changes Impact Leveraged ETF Performance? For fixed-income LETFs, yes, since bond prices react to changes or expectations of changes in interest rates. 13 For other LETFs, interest rates can significantly affect certain LETFs that use borrowed money or rate-sensitives derivatives instruments, so rising interest rates can increase borrowing costs, thus reducing returns. 18 In addition, changes in interest rates can affect the sectors or assets they track, influencing their performance. For example, higher interest rates might negatively influence debt-heavy sectors, which in turn would affect LETFs tracking those sectors. What's the Difference Between Buying a Leveraged ETF and Margin Trading? LETFs have built-in leverage and aim to deliver a multiple of a tracked index's or assets' daily returns. Margin trading, meanwhile, involves borrowing money from a broker to invest in securities. While both involve leverage, margin trading gives investors more control over the amount of leverage and the specific investments. However, margin trading also carries the risk of a margin call if the investments decline in value, which is not a risk with LETFs. The Bottom Line LETFs are specialized financial instruments designed to deliver multiples of the daily performance of a specific index or asset. They achieve this by using derivatives as leverage, amplifying both gains and losses. Ideal for experienced traders and suited for short-term (i.e., intraday) investment strategies, LETFs are used in scenarios when quick, significant market moves are expected. However, their complex nature and the impact of daily rebalancing make them unsuitable for longer-term investments. Investors should use caution, as these ETFs entail a higher degree of risk and volatility compared with traditional ETFs. Because of their sensitivity to market fluctuations and the costs associated with their operation, LETFs should be used with a clear understanding of their mechanisms and potential impacts on investment portfolios. 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